Book: Infrared Technology for NonDestructive Testing
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- title: Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing
- author: Xavier Maldague
- ISBN 0-471-18190-0
- 500 pp., cloth
- availability: March 2001
Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing is the single source of information about infrared thermography for
nondestructive testing, includes material testing and imaging-based inspection. The book includes fundamental concepts
of theory, instrumentation, and experimental practice as well as practical applications. It brings together fundamental con
cepts and practical aspects in one single source.
In Part I, the fundamental concepts are presented This part is organized in seven chapters and covers: thermal emission,
introduction to heat transfer, thermal sensors, infrared imaging devices, image analysis, materials and experimental con
cepts. These chapters presents the foundation of the infrared technology field. While the treatment of the various topics is
complete by themselves, references are provided for those who want to probe further. As a general rule, only college phys
ics, mathematics and general instrumentation knowledge is necessary.
Part II concerns active and passive thermography. Generally, in active thermography external stimulation is required to
generate relevant thermal contrasts in thermal steady state `specimens', while in passive thermography, the actual ther
mal state of the `specimen' provides enough information to characterize the sought features. Thus, the active thermogra
phy presentation elaborates on the various stimulation schemes such as pulse, step, and modulated, while special
attention is paid to data analysis, since active thermography is often deployed for quantitative characterization.
In Part III, case studies are presented for both active and passive thermography, including external and internal stimula
tion, preventative maintenance for electrical utilities, passive thermography for the construction industry and evaluation
of material thermal diffusivity. This allows a summary of the material previously discussed in the representative applica
tions. Also included is a series of Matlab(1) routines which allows to put concepts discussed in the book into practice;
this package is called IRTNDT. The problems at the end of each chapter make extensive use of IRTNDT capabilities.
Moreover, IRTNDT can serve as a stand-alone tool, since various image formats are accepted for processing using the
methods discussed in the book, such as blob detection, thermal modelling, thermal contrast computations, etc.
All chapters end with problems. Materials draws on case studies to illustrate major points.
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Note: All chapters end with problems (solutions provided)
CHAPTER 1- GETTING STARTED WITH THERMOGRAPHY FOR NDE
- 1.1 Introduction 1
- 1.2 Passive thermography
- 1.3 Active thermography
- 1.4 TNDT: Limitations and applications
- 1.5 Historical notes
Part I - Fundamental concepts
CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL EMISSION
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Blackbody
- 2.3 Helpful notions about solid angle, coordinate system, emitted and incident radiation, units
- 2.4 Radiance, Exitance, Irradiance
- 2.5 Planck law
- 2.6 Wien displacement law
- 2.7 Stephan-Boltzmann law
- 2.8 Emitted radiation in a spectral band
- 2.9 Reflection, absorption and transmission
CHAPTER 3 - INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Basic Concepts
- 3.3 One-dimensional heat transfer
- 3.4 Unsteady heat transfer
- 3.5 Multidimensional conduction heat transfer
- ANNEX TO CHAPTER 3 - SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
- USING THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Chapter 4 - Infrared sensors and optic fundamentals
- Overview
- 4.1 Detectors definition and characteristics
- 4.2 Noise
- 4.3 Thermal detectors
- 4.4 Photonics detectors
- 4.5 Infrared imaging devices
- 4.6 Cooling
- 4.7 Selection of an atmospheric band
- 4.8 Radiometric measurements
- 4.9 Infrared optics
- 4.10 Optics fundamentals
CHAPTER 5 - IMAGES
- 5.1 Image fundamentals
- 5.2 Image formation
- 5.3 Data acquisition and recording
- 5.4 Image degradations
- 5.5 Image rectification
- 5.6 Thermal contrast computations
- 5.7 Manual interpretation (color scales, profiles)
CHAPTER 6 - AUTOMATED IMAGE ANALYSIS
- 6.1 General considerations
- 6.2 Image formation
- 6.3 Automatic segmentation algorithm
- 6.4 Lateral scanning defect detection algorithm
- 6.5 Neural network detection
CHAP 7 - MATERIALS
- 7. 1 Introduction: on new materials
- 7.2 Physical and mechanical properties
- 7.3 Industrial Materials
- 7.4 Materials inspected by TNDT
- 7.5 Other NDE techniques
- 7.6 Probability of defect detection, reliability and inspection programs
CHAP 8 - EXPERIMENTAL CONCEPTS
- 8.1 Instrumentation for passive and active infrared thermography
- 8.2 Solutions to emissivity problems
- 8.3 Atmosphere
- 8.4 Remote sensing
Part II - Active Thermography
CHAPTER 9 - ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Thermal wave theory
- 9.3 Pulsed thermography (PT)
- 9.4 Stepped heating (long pulse)
- 9.5 Lockin thermography
- 9.6 Vibrothermography (VT)
CHAPTER 10 - QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS IN ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY
- 10.1 General considerations
- 10.2 Pulsed Thermography: Inverse problem
- 10.3 Pulsed thermography: Experimental Procedure for Data Analysis
- 10.4 Step Heating: Data Analysis
- 10.5 Pulsed Phase thermography: Data Analysis
- 10.6 Thermal tomography
- 10.7 Processing and experiment for non-planar surface inspection
Part III - Active and passive thermography: Case studies
CHAPTER 11 - APPLICATIONS
- 11.1 Active pulsed thermography with external thermal stimulation
- 11.2 Active pulsed thermography with internal thermal stimulation
- 11.3 Lockin thermography (LT) and Pulsed Phase Thermography (PPT)
- 11.4 Passive thermography
- 11.4.1 Preventive maintenance for electrical utilities
- 11.4.2 Passive thermography for the construction industry
- 11.4.3 Temperature measurements of hot steel strip mills
- 11.4.4 Temperature measurement of glass (bottles, lamps)
- 11.4.5 Thermal inspection of high temperature industrial structures
- 11.5 Evaluation of material thermal diffusivity
References
Appendix a - Computer model
Appendix B - smoothing routine
Appendix C - parabola computations
Appendix D - high order gradient computations
Appendix e - properties of metals and nonmetals
APPENDIX F AVAILABLE MATLAB(1) M-SCRIPTS
index
.pdf file listing all tables, 22K
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Since the book does not contain color plates, it is possible to download the files corresponding to those figures originally in
color. A '.pdf' file listing all color figures sorted by number is also provided:
Click on the icon to get the
free: Acrobad (: program necessary to read files of format .pdf).
- .pdf file with all color figures (all chapters), 1646 K
- files for chapter 5, 998 K
- files for chapter 6, 1481 K
- files for chapter 7, 592 K
- files for chapter 8, 1633 K
- files for chapter 9, 1585 K
- files for chapter 10, 2314 K
- files for chapter 11 (1 of 3), 2097 K
- files for chapter 11 (2 of 3), 2375 K
- files for chapter 11 (3 of 3), 1641 K
Notice: these files are protected by appropriate copyrights, are to be used only in conjunction with the aforementioned book
and are for private use only.
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Notice: these files are protected by appropriate copyrights, are to be used only in conjunction with the aforementioned book
and are for private use only. No warranty of conformity is provided. Use at your own risk.
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For additional information, please contact X. Maldague:
E-mail: maldagx@gel.ulaval.ca
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(1) Matlab is a trademark of The Math Works Inc.
Last up date of this document: March. 16th, 2002 (date of creation: April 9th, 1996).